= [
cb_palette "#E69F00", "#56B4E9", "#009E73",
"#F0E442", "#0072B2", "#D55E00",
"#CC79A7"
]
Week 1: Introduction to the Course
DSAN 5450: Data Ethics and Policy
Spring 2025, Georgetown University
Who Am I? Why Is Georgetown Having Me Teach This?
Prof. Jeff Introduction!
- Born and raised in NW DC → high school in Rockville, MD
- University of Maryland: Computer Science, Math, Economics (2008-2012)
Grad School
- Studied abroad in Beijing (Peking University/北大) → internship with Huawei in Hong Kong (HKUST)
- Stanford for MS in Computer Science (2012-2014)
- Research Economist at UC Berkeley (2014-2015)
- Columbia for PhD[+Postdoc] in Political Science (2015-2023)
Dissertation (Political Science + History)
“Our Word is Our Weapon”: Text-Analyzing Wars of Ideas from the French Revolution to the First Intifada
Why Is Georgetown Having Me Teach This?
- Quanty things, but then PhD major was Political Philosophy (concentration in International Relations)
- What most interested me: unraveling history; Easy to get lost in “present-day” details of e.g. debiasing algorithms and fairness in AI, but these questions go back literally thousands of years!
- Pol philosophers distinguish “ancients” and “moderns” based on a crucial shift in perspective: ancients sought perfection, while Rousseau (1762) “took men [sic] as they are, and laws as they could be”.
import plotly.express as px
import plotly.io as pio
= "notebook"
pio.renderers.default import pandas as pd
= pd.DataFrame({
year_df 'field': ['Math<br>(BS)','CS<br>(BS,MS)','Pol Phil<br>(PhD Pt 1)','Econ<br>(BS+Job)','Pol Econ<br>(PhD Pt 2)'],
'cat': ['Quant','Quant','Humanities','Social Sci','Social Sci'],
'yrs': [4, 6, 3, 6, 5]
})= px.sunburst(
fig =['cat','field'], values='yrs',
year_df, path=450, height=400, color='cat',
width={'Quant': cb_palette[0], 'Humanities': cb_palette[1], 'Social Sci': cb_palette[2]},
color_discrete_map=[]
hover_data
)
fig.update_traces(=None,
hovertemplate='skip'
hoverinfo
)# Update layout for tight margin
# See https://plotly.com/python/creating-and-updating-figures/
= dict(t=0, l=0, r=0, b=0))
fig.update_layout(margin fig.show()
- But is separation of ethics from politics possible? (Bowles 2016) Should we accept “human nature” as immutable/eternal? My answer: yes AND no simultaneously…
Dialectics
My Biases
- Upbringing: religious Jewish, right-wing (Revisionist Zionist) Republican environment
- “Encouraged” to emigrate to Israel for IDF service, but after learning history I renounced citizenship etc., family no longer big fans of me (Traumatic and scary to talk about, tbh 🙈)
- 2015-present: Teach CS + design thinking in refugee camps in West Bank and Gaza each summer (Code for Palestine)
- Metaethics: Learn about the world, challenge+update prior beliefs (Bayes’ rule!); I hope to challenge+update them throughout semester, with your help 🙂
On the One Hand…
On the Other Hand…
Remembering Why It Matters
Rules of Thumb
- Ask questions about power
inequities, but especially about structures/processes that give rise to them! - “Philosophers have hitherto only tried to understand the world; the point, however, is to change it.” (Marx 1845)
- Dialectical implication: the more we understand it the better we’ll be at changing it
Ethics as an Axiomatic System
Axiomatics
- Popular understanding of math: Deals with Facts, statements are true or false
- Ex:
is “true”
- Ex:
- Reality: No statements in math are absolutely true! Only conditional statements are possible to prove!
- We cannot prove atomic statements
, only implicational statements: for some axiom(s) . is indeterminate without definitions of , , , and !- (Easy counterexample for math/CS majors:
in )
Example:
- How it’s taught: this is a rule, and if you don’t follow it you will be banished to eternal hellfire
- How it’s proved:
, where stands for the Zermelo-Fraenkel Axioms with the Axiom of Choice!
Proving
(A non-formal proof that still captures the gist:)
- Axiom 1: There is a type of thing that can hold other things, which we’ll call a set. We’ll represent it like:
. - Axiom 2: Start with the set with nothing in it,
, and call it “ ”. - Axiom 3: If we put this set
inside of an empty set, we get a new set , which we’ll call “ ”. - Axiom 4: If we put this set
inside of another set, we get another new set , which we’ll call “ ”. - Axiom 5: This operation (creating a “next number” by placing a given number inside an empty set) we’ll call succession:
- Axiom 6: We’ll define addition,
, as applying this succession operation to , times. Thus - Result: (Axioms 1-6)
How Is This Relevant to Ethics?
(Thank you for bearing with me on that 😅)
- Just as mathematicians slowly came to the realization that
- I hope to help you see how
- When someone says
, you are allowed to question them, and ask, “On what basis? Please explain…”.- Here the only valid answer is a collection of axioms which entail
- Here the only valid answer is a collection of axioms which entail
- When someone says Israel has the right to defend itself, you are allowed to question them, and ask, “On what basis? Please explain…”
- Here the only valid answer is an ethical framework which entails that Israel has the right to defend itself.
Axiomatic Systems: Statements Can Be True And False
- Let
be the sum of the interior angles of a triangle. We’re taught is a “rule” - Euclid’s Fifth Postulate
: Given a line and a point not on it, exactly one line parallel to the given line can be drawn through the point.
Ethical Systems: Promise-Keeping
- Scenario: You just baked a pie, and you promised your friend you’d give them the pie. You’re walking over to the friend’s house to give them the pie.
- Suddenly, you turn the corner to encounter a hostage situation: the hostage-taker is going to kill their hostage unless someone gives them a pie in the next 30 seconds
- Do you give the hostage-taker the pie?
- To be ethical is to weigh consequences of your actions
- The positive consequences of giving the pie to the hostage-taker (saving a life) outweigh the negative consequences (breaking your promise to your friend)
- (Ex: Utilitarianism, associated with British philosopher Jeremy Bentham)
- To be ethical is to live by rules which you would want everyone to follow.
- As a rule (a “categorical imperative”), you must not break promises. (Breaking this rule
others can also “pick and choose” when to honor promises to you) - (Ex: Kantian Ethics, associated with German philosopher Immanuel Kant)
Making and Evaluating Ethical Arguments
Descriptive vs. Normative
Descriptive Statement: “Bin Laden attacked us because we had been bombing Iraq for 10 years” | Normative Statement: “Bin Laden attacked us because we had been bombing Iraq for 10 years, and that is a good justification” |
Descriptively True (empirically verifiable) | Normatively True (entailed by axioms + descriptive facts) in some ethical systems, Normatively False (not entailed by axioms + descriptive facts) in others |
The Is-Ought Distinction
Descriptive (Is) | Normative (Ought) |
---|---|
Grass is green (true) | Grass ought to be green (?) |
Grass is blue (false) | Grass ought to be blue (?) |
What Happens When We Confuse The Two?
- Makes it impossible to “cross the boundary” between your own and others’ beliefs
- Collective welfare: Bad on its own terms (see: wars, racism, etc.)
- Self-interest: Prevents us from convincing other people of our arguments
Collective vs. Self-Interest
- Good for collection of people
good for each individual person! (😰) = Unions improve everyone’s workplace conditions, whether or not they pay dues = Union dues are voluntary I can obtain benefits of unions without paying Individually rational to not pay dues- (Think also about how this applies to climate change policy) 🤔
Modeling Individual vs. Societal Outcomes
- Individual Perspective: Individual
chooses whether or not to pay union dues
Key reading: Schelling (1978), Micromotives and Macrobehavior
Takeaway for Policy Whitepapers
- You cannot (just) say, “doing
will be better for society” - You must also justify benefits to individuals, or at minimum, the individual organization and its stakeholders!
- (Is this a normative or descriptive claim?)